The modern level of requirements to the analysis and use of information accumulated in various spheres of human activity defines the main directions of development of advanced countries of the world. Cheaper technological uses of outer space around the Earth, the progressing speed in processing and transmitting large amounts of data and other scientific and technological slobodki give the opportunity to use geographic information technology (GIT) in the implementation of various projects of mankind.
Information, including a spatial component, is a significant part of all data that you work with experts who in their profession are called upon to make managerial and analytical solutions. The consequence of this was the release of modern geographic information systems (GIS) beyond systems that only process the spatial data. Modern GIS allow to work with various maps and attributes of objects on them, as well as various types of documents (text, tabular, graphic, multimedia) related to specific objects and to perform complex queries to databases (DB) and transform the results in maps, diagrams or charts attached to certain territories, and perform many other operations.
We will give only a short list of tasks that solve a modern geographic information system:
- Processing information from the automatic surveillance equipment, a variety of materials field measurements and observations, making them in the form of maps and charts.
- Storing map data of different types.
- The reflection of the individual map data and various data combinations.
- Search data by location of objects, attributes, location relative to the specified object or group of objects.
- Analysis of the location of objects, topological relations, the presence and density distribution of the objects.
- Analysis of attributes of map features, data classification.
- The analysis and display of data changes through time.
- Working with various types of databases with search and retrieval of information associated with a particular territory or objects.
- Automatic cleaning of false information, geocode samples and the distribution of data segments, types and classes in accordance with the direction of GIS. The generation of reports.
- The construction of graph structures, network analysis, transport problems.
- Terrain modeling, terrain, development of specific events on the ground.
- The results of the data analysis in the form of various types of maps, cartograms, tables, charts, multiplici.
- The decision of tasks of designing of objects and territories.
- Data exchange with other GIS and information systems.
Modern GIS are used in various fields of life that require storage and processing of information that has a spatial component. Every year the scope of application of GIS to expand. At the moment it is worth reflecting on the use of GIS in:
- the preparation of the military-topographic maps military administration that is in bezposrednia decision-making;
- navigation, de-icing, monitoring systems of all types of transport and infrastructure at the regional, national, and global systems;
- of geodesy and cartography in land, water objects, water areas of the seas and World ocean;
- municipal systems, planning of territories, cadastre and sector, with regard to the accounting of real estate objects and infrastructure;
- monitoring of the natural environment.
Given the demands of an economic nature, geographic information systems are successfully introduced:
- in agriculture. Agricultural production is the sector where the spatial information (location of land plots, their characteristics, and soil characteristics typical of the terrain, location of roads, etc.) is of key importance in the processes of governance;
- at the enterprises of communication and power. For businesses in these industries are characterized by the presence of objects to be dispersed over large areas, as a consequence, these industries require systems that can operate with spatial nformats;
- in the industrial and financial sectors. The density of business in different cities and countries, demanding transport tasks, the establishment of networks of shops and warehouses, fierce competition, creates a need for analysis and manipulation of data, which concern large areas;
- in information-reference systems. Globalized world discovers its benefits to those who owns the information.