Fierce competition for customers encourages manufacturers in various industries to implement the most modern technological advancements in storage products. This allows to produce products, abandoning many energy-consuming technologies, as well as from these types of product packaging that was used just 15-20 years ago. There are new chains of receipt of the products to the consumer, which require new types of specialized warehouses.
Let us consider in more detail the characteristics of the storage complexes that are in the previous article have been identified as storage areas with special characteristics of the products is maintained. We will focus on refrigeration and low-temperature storage facilities for different types of products.
On product specialization and the corresponding temperature storage low-temperature storage facilities are divided into the following types:
- The deep-freeze warehouses – freezers, and temperature control are supported from -18°C to -27°C, and in some cases up to -35°C. are Used for long-term storage of meat and fish or semi-finished products and seafood;
- Warehouses gastronomy. The temperature regime is maintained from 0°C to +5°C. Used for storage of dairy products, gastronomy, vegetables, fruit, and chilled meat and fish;
- Greenhouses and fruit storage. The temperature regime is maintained between -1°C to +4°C;
- Other warehouses with temperature controlled storage, wine storage, Luggage storage furs, perfumes, chemical products.
Given that different types of products require different temperature regimes, the volume of the warehouse, generally divided into groups of cells or individual warehouses. The need for separation of the complex into separate spaces occurs also, given the use of specific gases for the storage and maturing of products.
For example, the technology of storage of bananas is different from the technology of storage of other fruits. Banana fruits are delivered in unripe form, so the first products placed in the chamber of aeration, and then in the camera for storage. Background: gasification is the process that allows the fruit to Mature and acquire the taste, properties and structure. In specially equipped chambers ripening bananas are heated to a certain temperature, then sprayed a gas mixture of nitrogen and ethylene. Ethylene triggers the ripening process of bananas, humidity during ripening must be at least 90%. Gas processing lasts for a day, then fruits ripen under normal conditions within 3-7 days.
Maturation is used for growing vegetables, particularly tomatoes and peppers. Thus the warehouse complex, at least part of it, become part of the technological chain for the production of agricultural products.
It should be noted that depending on the range of goods that are stored, refrigerated warehouses can be generic or specialized.
The logistics business operators and other interested companies carry out their own classification of modern refrigerated warehouses, but a single approach, just like in the case of other types of warehouses are not achieved. We use the classification that is applied to a universal warehouse company Knight Frank and is given in a previous publication on our portal devoted to the classification of warehouse property and includes the following classes: a+, A, B+, b, C, D. in the Future, the main characteristics of refrigerated warehouses will be classified by the aforesaid classifier, and the additional discuss in the article.
The rating kholodilnogo composition as any other type of structure affects the location in relation to the consumer market which it serves. For class A+ and A very important is the location of the warehouse complex, on-site Prime to Expressway or hour easy way out in such a way. An important feature for the inventory of real estate of this type is the height of the room. The majority of logistics operators klassificeret premises for this indicator as follows: grade a + - height not less than 12m; class a: up to 12m; class b – up to 10m; class C and class D – height to 4m.
To ensure rapid entrance/departure of vehicles from terminals, the area of land development warehouse complex should not exceed 40% of the total area.
The cost of construction, reconstruction and maintenance costs of refrigeration and low-temperature warehouses significantly more than conventional warehouses. Striving to reduce the cost of storing goods requires the optimal structure of cargo capacity and Ob mo design of complex, rational flows in the building, high level of mechanization of loading and unloading, modern computerized accounting of cargo with minimal handling.
Fairly rapid growth in production and consumption of products that require refrigeration, a relatively large capital investment and expensive credit resources do not allow at the moment to go one hundred percent to ensure that the needs of the Ukrainian market of the warehouse buildings of this type. This situation leads to the fact that currently continues to operate warehouses of class C and D, although the cost of storing and handling them is much higher, and failure to meet modern technological standards influence the quality of the products during unloading/loading and storage.
Modern technologies of cargo handling include the use of rack systems for pallet storage, airtight insulated gate to the cameras. The entrance opening must be equipped with air curtains or high speed automatic curtains. Loading car platforms tend to be closed, cooled, with loading equipment to receive cargo. Use leveling platforms (dock levelers), dock-style automatic doors with openings dock (dock shelters), as well as protective awnings (dockhouse). All this equipment provides high speed of loading operations and minimizes the loss of cold, thus reducing the cost of production.
Notably, several longer term construction and refrigeration warehouses nizkotemperaturnyh. So, if the building of a warehouse for storage of General cargo built on the technology of buildings which are quickly assembled (in Russian – BMZ) under construction "turnkey" on average, over 90 days, then cold storage, depending on storage technologies, it is expected, and installation of proper technological equipment - constructed from three to six months.
Since the classification of warehouse property directly concerned with the design, can not ignore some of the details of this stage of the project of construction of a warehouse complex. An important factor in the design of refrigerated warehouses is the choice of structural and insulating materials. As a rule, the new cold storage warehouses consist of steel structures can be installed quickly, that is walls and ceiling are sandwich panels made with different materials (polyurethane foam, mineral wool, polystyrene). Select the type and thickness of the filler is determined by the designer depending on the nature of the goods stored, temperature, and fire and sanitary-hygienic conditions.
Floors of refrigerated warehouses have a multilayer construction, which provides insulation of heat and moisture at dobropolugol modern materials like polystyrene and polyurethane of different density that can withstand the regulatory burden on the floor. If the refrigerator is based on moving soils, it is obligatory to protect the soil from freezing, to prevent deformation of floors and building structures. The system of soil protection, normally provided by one of three options:
- the construction of the underground, which is blown, with the raising of the floor level of the refrigerator to a height of 1-1,5 m;
- installation of trace heating systems throughout the area Coldroom;
- placement under the floor of the refrigerator of the hydraulic system of plastic tubes with a circulating solution of ethylene glycol, which is heated, heating fluid is carried out by selection of the heat from the refrigerating machine is provided with a heat exchanger – precondensation – this method is the best, because there are no additional costs for electricity and building construction.
Given the large demand for warehouses is expected to implement new interesting projects, which will be the subject of research analysts of the real estate market.